Thursday, December 20, 2012
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A. v Inepar Invs., S.A.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A. v Inepar Invs., S.A.: IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A. v Inepar Invs., S.A. 2012 NY Slip Op 08669 Decided on December 18, 2012 Court of Appeals Lippman, Ch. J. Pub...
IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A. v Inepar Invs., S.A.
IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A. v Inepar Invs., S.A.
2012 NY Slip Op 08669 Decided on December 18, 2012
Court of Appeals Lippman, Ch. J. Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
[*1]IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A., Respondent,
v
Inepar Investments, S.A., Defendant, Inepar S.A. Industria e Construcoes, Appellant.
Decided on December 18, 2012
No. 191
Fredric S. Newman, for appellant.
Lea Haber Kuck, for respondent.
LIPPMAN, Chief Judge:
2012 NY Slip Op 08669 Decided on December 18, 2012
Court of Appeals Lippman, Ch. J. Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
[*1]IRB-Brasil Resseguros, S.A., Respondent,
v
Inepar Investments, S.A., Defendant, Inepar S.A. Industria e Construcoes, Appellant.
Decided on December 18, 2012
No. 191
Fredric S. Newman, for appellant.
Lea Haber Kuck, for respondent.
LIPPMAN, Chief Judge:
The issue before the Court is whether a conflict-of-laws analysis must be undertaken when there is an express choice of New York law in the contract pursuant to General [*2]Obligations Law § 5-1401. We hold that the need for a conflict-of-laws analysis is obviated by the terms of the parties' agreement.
Defendant Inepar S.A. Industria e Construç es (IIC) is a Brazilian power company which held a 60% stake in defendant Inepar Investments, S.A. ("Inepar"), a corporation organized under the laws of Uruguay. IIC specializes in providing equipment and services for the generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electric power.
In September 1996, Inepar issued $30 million in Global Notes in the Guaranteed Euro Medium-Term Note Program (the "Global Note Program") in order to raise capital and refinance debt previously incurred by Inepar and IIC. The Global Notes were denominated in U.S. dollars, issued on September 30, 1996, matured on October 1, 2001, and paid interest at a fixed rate of 9.9% per annum. A Fiscal Agency Agreement (the "Agreement") between Inepar as issuer, IIC as guarantor, and the Chase Manhattan Bank as the fiscal and paying agent, governed the Global Note Program. IIC provided in a Guarantee to "unconditionally and irrevocably guarantee . . . the due and punctual payment of principal and interest" under the terms of the Global Notes. The Agreement stated that "[t]his Agreement, the Notes, and the Guarantee shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York, without regard to conflict of laws principles." The Guarantee provided that it would be "governed by, and . . . be construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York." New York was designated as the venue in the Guarantee, and thereunder IIC submitted to the jurisdiction of New York courts.
Plaintiff IRB-Brasil Resseguros S.A. (IRB), a 50% state-owned corporation organized under the laws of Brazil, bought $14 million of Inepar's Global Notes through brokers Smith Barney and Lehman Brothers. IRB received eight interest payments on the Global Notes between April 1997 and October 2000. The interest payments ceased after October 2000, and IRB never received the payment of the principal of $14 million from either IIC or Inepar.
IRB commenced the instant action against IIC and Inepar seeking payment of the Global Note principal and the unpaid accrued interest. Inepar defaulted in this action, and IIC moved for summary judgment, arguing that the Guarantee was void under Brazilian law because it was never authorized by IIC's board of directors. IIC claimed that New York's choice-of-law principles should apply, resulting in the application of Brazilian substantive law. IRB also moved for summary judgment. Supreme Court denied IIC's motion and granted IRB summary judgment on the issue of liability only. A Special Referee appointed to hear and determine the issue of damages directed that judgment be entered against IIC in the sum of $27,772,409.86 and that interest on the award be paid at a 9.9% rate. Supreme Court ruled that "a choice-of-law clause in the agreement denoting that New York law governs the parties' rights and obligations, shall be given mandatory effect" under General Obligations Law § 5-1401 (2009 NY Slip Op 31723[U] [Sup Ct, New York County 2009]). [*3]
The Appellate Division modified the judgment only to the extent of limiting the rate of post-judgment interest to the statutory rate of 9% per year, and otherwise affirmed (83 AD3d 573 [1st Dept 2011]). This Court granted leave to appeal (17 NY3d 717), and we now affirm.
General Obligations Law § 5-1401 (1) states in relevant part:
"The parties to any contract . . . arising out of a transaction covering in the aggregate not less than two hundred fifty thousand dollars . . . may agree that the law of this state shall govern their rights and duties in whole or in part, whether or not such contract, agreement or undertaking bears a reasonable relation to this state."
The Legislature passed the statute in 1984 in order to allow parties without New York contacts to choose New York law to govern their contracts. Prior to the enactment of § 5-1401, the Legislature feared that New York courts would not recognize "a choice of New York law [in certain contracts] on the ground that the particular contract had insufficient 'contact' or 'relationship' with New York" (Sponsor's Mem, Bill Jacket, L 1984, ch 421). Instead of applying New York law, the courts would conduct a conflicts analysis and apply the law of the jurisdiction with "'the most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties'" (Zurich Ins. Co. v Shearson Lehman Hutton, 84 NY2d 309, 317 [1994] [quoting Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188 (1)]). As a result, parties would be deterred from choosing the law of New York in their contracts, and the Legislature was concerned about how that would affect the standing of New York as a commercial and financial center (see Sponsor's Mem, Bill Jacket, L 1984, ch 421). The Sponsor's Memorandum states, "In order to encourage the parties of significant commercial, mercantile or financial contracts to choose New York law, it is important . . . that the parties be certain that their choice of law will not be rejected by a New York Court . . ." (id.). The Legislature desired for parties with multi-jurisdictional contacts to avail themselves of New York law if they so designate in their choice-of-law provisions, in order to eliminate uncertainty and to permit the parties to choose New York's "well-developed system of commercial jurisprudence" (id.).
"The parties to any contract . . . arising out of a transaction covering in the aggregate not less than two hundred fifty thousand dollars . . . may agree that the law of this state shall govern their rights and duties in whole or in part, whether or not such contract, agreement or undertaking bears a reasonable relation to this state."
The Legislature passed the statute in 1984 in order to allow parties without New York contacts to choose New York law to govern their contracts. Prior to the enactment of § 5-1401, the Legislature feared that New York courts would not recognize "a choice of New York law [in certain contracts] on the ground that the particular contract had insufficient 'contact' or 'relationship' with New York" (Sponsor's Mem, Bill Jacket, L 1984, ch 421). Instead of applying New York law, the courts would conduct a conflicts analysis and apply the law of the jurisdiction with "'the most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties'" (Zurich Ins. Co. v Shearson Lehman Hutton, 84 NY2d 309, 317 [1994] [quoting Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 188 (1)]). As a result, parties would be deterred from choosing the law of New York in their contracts, and the Legislature was concerned about how that would affect the standing of New York as a commercial and financial center (see Sponsor's Mem, Bill Jacket, L 1984, ch 421). The Sponsor's Memorandum states, "In order to encourage the parties of significant commercial, mercantile or financial contracts to choose New York law, it is important . . . that the parties be certain that their choice of law will not be rejected by a New York Court . . ." (id.). The Legislature desired for parties with multi-jurisdictional contacts to avail themselves of New York law if they so designate in their choice-of-law provisions, in order to eliminate uncertainty and to permit the parties to choose New York's "well-developed system of commercial jurisprudence" (id.).
General Obligations Law § 5-1402 (1) further provides:
"any person may maintain an action or proceeding against a foreign corporation, non-resident, or foreign state where the action or proceeding arises out of or relates to any contract, agreement or undertaking for which a choice of New York law has been made in whole or in part pursuant to section 5-1401 and which (a) is a contract, agreement or undertaking, contingent or otherwise, in consideration of, or relating to any obligation arising out of a transaction covering in the aggregate, not less than one million dollars, and (b) which contains a provision or provisions whereby such foreign corporation or non-resident agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state." [*4]
Section 5-1402 (1) opened New York courts up to parties who lacked New York contacts but who had (1) engaged in a transaction involving $1 million or more, (2) agreed in their contract to submit to the jurisdiction of New York courts, and (3) chosen to apply New York law pursuant to General Obligations Law § 5-1401. The statutes read together permit parties to select New York law to govern their contractual relationship and to avail themselves of New York courts despite lacking New York contacts.
"any person may maintain an action or proceeding against a foreign corporation, non-resident, or foreign state where the action or proceeding arises out of or relates to any contract, agreement or undertaking for which a choice of New York law has been made in whole or in part pursuant to section 5-1401 and which (a) is a contract, agreement or undertaking, contingent or otherwise, in consideration of, or relating to any obligation arising out of a transaction covering in the aggregate, not less than one million dollars, and (b) which contains a provision or provisions whereby such foreign corporation or non-resident agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state." [*4]
Section 5-1402 (1) opened New York courts up to parties who lacked New York contacts but who had (1) engaged in a transaction involving $1 million or more, (2) agreed in their contract to submit to the jurisdiction of New York courts, and (3) chosen to apply New York law pursuant to General Obligations Law § 5-1401. The statutes read together permit parties to select New York law to govern their contractual relationship and to avail themselves of New York courts despite lacking New York contacts.
Applying General Obligations Law §§ 5-1401 and 5-1402 to the facts of the present case, we conclude that New York substantive law must govern, since the parties designated New York in their choice-of-law provision in the Guarantee and the transaction exceeded $250,000. IIC argues that the "whole" of New York law should apply, including New York's common law conflict-of-laws principles. IIC maintains that the Guarantee's choice-of-law provision would have had to expressly exclude New York's conflict-of-laws principles in order for New York substantive law to apply; otherwise, IIC claims that the court must engage in a conflicts analysis that results in the application of Brazilian substantive law. IIC's argument is unpersuasive. Express contract language excluding New York's conflict-of-laws principles is not necessary. The plain language of General Obligations Law § 5-1401 dictates that New York substantive law applies when parties include an ordinary New York choice-of-law provision, such as appears in the Guarantee, in their contracts. The goal of General Obligations Law § 5-1401 was to promote and preserve New York's status as a commercial center and to maintain predictability for the parties. To find here that courts must engage in a conflict-of-law analysis despite the parties' plainly expressed desire to apply New York law would frustrate the Legislature's purpose of encouraging a predictable contractual choice of New York commercial law and, crucially, of eliminating uncertainty regarding the governing law.
The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws supports our conclusion that an express exclusion of New York's conflict-of-laws rules is unnecessary. According to the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187, "[i]n the absence of a contrary indication of intention, the reference [to the law of the state chosen by the parties] is to the local law of the state of the chosen law." "Local law" is defined as "the body of standards, principles and rules, exclusive of its rules of Conflict of Laws" (Restatement [Second] of Conflict of Laws § 4[1] [emphasis added]). Under the Restatement (Second), the parties' decision to apply New York law to their contract results in the application of New York substantive law, not New York's conflicts principles.
It strains credulity that the parties would have chosen to leave the question of the applicable substantive law unanswered and would have desired a court to engage in a complicated conflict-of-laws analysis, delaying resolution of any dispute and increasing litigation expenses. We therefore conclude that parties are not required to expressly exclude New York conflict-of-laws principles in their choice-of-law provision in order to avail themselves of New [*5]York substantive law. Indeed, in the event parties wish to employ New York's conflict-of-law principles to determine the applicable substantive law, they can expressly so designate in their contract [FN1].
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Order affirmed, with costs. Opinion by Chief Judge Lippman. Judges Ciparick, Graffeo, Read, Smith and Pigott concur.
Decided December 18, 2012 Footnotes
Footnote 1: For the foregoing reasons, we find the difference between the language of the choice-of-law provision in the Agreement and the Guarantee to be inconsequential as a matter of law.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Order affirmed, with costs. Opinion by Chief Judge Lippman. Judges Ciparick, Graffeo, Read, Smith and Pigott concur.
Decided December 18, 2012 Footnotes
Footnote 1: For the foregoing reasons, we find the difference between the language of the choice-of-law provision in the Agreement and the Guarantee to be inconsequential as a matter of law.
Wednesday, December 5, 2012
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: International Business Transactions
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: International Business Transactions: By Norka M. Schell, Experienced International Business Transaction Attorney, at Law Offices of Norka M. Schell, LLC www.lawschell.com I...
International Business Transactions
By Norka M. Schell, Experienced International Business Transaction Attorney, at Law Offices of Norka M. Schell, LLC
www.lawschell.com
International business transactions are described in the form of an international contract, containing the objectives and commitments of each of the parties involved and the terms which govern the transaction.
International sale contracts are governed by the Uniform Nations Conventions on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). If the countries of the parties to the contract have ratified the CISC -- and if the parties have not agreed to some other law will govern their contract-- CISG covers the transaction.
One key element of international contract law includes the provision that the parties' nationality does not play any role when applying the law, thereby placing all parties on an equal playing field. Rules of the contracts are interpreted by what a "reasonable person" would consider fair and appropriate given the circumstances.
The basic obligation of a seller under a sales contract is to transfer and deliver conforming goods -- that is goods that conform to the specifications of the contract.
The basic obligation of a buyer is to accept and pay for conforming goods in accordance with the contract.
When either the seller or the buyer fails to perform his or her obligation under the contract,for instance, the failure to supply goods or to perform a service or to make payment as agreed upon, a breach of contract occurs. To protect the innocent party, the law allows the nonbreaching party to bring an action for damages to compensate for the loss of the bargain.
The object of damages is usually to put the nonbreaching party in position that he or she would have occupied had the contract been fully performed. Sometimes damages are not an adequate remedy and this is where the equitable remedies (such as specific performance and injunction) may be awarded. However, the nonbreaching party has an obligation to mitigate the damages incurred as a result of the contract's breach.
For more information about International Business Transactions, please call my offices at (212)564 1589 to speak with me.
www.lawschell.com
International business transactions are described in the form of an international contract, containing the objectives and commitments of each of the parties involved and the terms which govern the transaction.
International sale contracts are governed by the Uniform Nations Conventions on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). If the countries of the parties to the contract have ratified the CISC -- and if the parties have not agreed to some other law will govern their contract-- CISG covers the transaction.
One key element of international contract law includes the provision that the parties' nationality does not play any role when applying the law, thereby placing all parties on an equal playing field. Rules of the contracts are interpreted by what a "reasonable person" would consider fair and appropriate given the circumstances.
The basic obligation of a seller under a sales contract is to transfer and deliver conforming goods -- that is goods that conform to the specifications of the contract.
The basic obligation of a buyer is to accept and pay for conforming goods in accordance with the contract.
When either the seller or the buyer fails to perform his or her obligation under the contract,for instance, the failure to supply goods or to perform a service or to make payment as agreed upon, a breach of contract occurs. To protect the innocent party, the law allows the nonbreaching party to bring an action for damages to compensate for the loss of the bargain.
The object of damages is usually to put the nonbreaching party in position that he or she would have occupied had the contract been fully performed. Sometimes damages are not an adequate remedy and this is where the equitable remedies (such as specific performance and injunction) may be awarded. However, the nonbreaching party has an obligation to mitigate the damages incurred as a result of the contract's breach.
For more information about International Business Transactions, please call my offices at (212)564 1589 to speak with me.
Tuesday, September 25, 2012
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: CROSS-BORDER TRANSACTIONS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: CROSS-BORDER TRANSACTIONS: Attorney Norka M. Schell Law Offices of Norka M. Schell, LLC Trading good across borders or "cross-border transactions" continue to a lar...
CROSS-BORDER TRANSACTIONS
Attorney Norka M. Schell
Law Offices of Norka M. Schell, LLC
Trading good across borders or "cross-border transactions" continue to a large extent to be subject to our national laws and international trade.
International business affects almost each one of us. The buyer of a Japanese iPhone or a German Mercedes-Benz are involved a series of links in a foreign trading relationship. But their roles were indirect, they undoubtedly bought the phone or car from a United States retailer. The individual was not directly engaging in international trade. The seller of the phone or the car may have been, although it is quite possible that they were indirect links, purchasing from United States distributors. At some point, however, an entity in the United States ordered these goods from abroad. Or the foreign manufacturers may have established subsidiaries in the United States to undertake the distribution. In that case, the purchasers from the distributors were dealing with a foreign direct investment, an equity investment in the United States by foreign capital. Numerous international trade people played a role in the movement of the iPhone and Mercedes-Benz from their place of manufacture in Japan and Germany to the ultimate purchaser in New York or California.
Law Offices of Norka M. Schell, LLC
Trading good across borders or "cross-border transactions" continue to a large extent to be subject to our national laws and international trade.
International business affects almost each one of us. The buyer of a Japanese iPhone or a German Mercedes-Benz are involved a series of links in a foreign trading relationship. But their roles were indirect, they undoubtedly bought the phone or car from a United States retailer. The individual was not directly engaging in international trade. The seller of the phone or the car may have been, although it is quite possible that they were indirect links, purchasing from United States distributors. At some point, however, an entity in the United States ordered these goods from abroad. Or the foreign manufacturers may have established subsidiaries in the United States to undertake the distribution. In that case, the purchasers from the distributors were dealing with a foreign direct investment, an equity investment in the United States by foreign capital. Numerous international trade people played a role in the movement of the iPhone and Mercedes-Benz from their place of manufacture in Japan and Germany to the ultimate purchaser in New York or California.
Friday, June 29, 2012
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: U.S. PROMOTES TRADE RELATIONSHIP, ECONOMIC GROWTH ...
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: U.S. PROMOTES TRADE RELATIONSHIP, ECONOMIC GROWTH ...: Posted By ATTORNEY NORKA M. SCHELL LAW OFFICES OF NORKA M. SCHELL 11 BROADWAY, SUITE 615 NEW YORK, NY 10004 PH. (212) 564-1589 FOR I...
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